8/16/2020

Leibniz’s Mathematical Approach to God

Leibniz’s Mathematical Approach to God



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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, German philosopher and mathematician. | ND/Roger Viollet/Getty Images

Characteristica universalis


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Leibniz’s “Characteristica Universalis,” the basis for his calculus ratiocinator (via Internet Archive)

Binary Number System


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Binary Number System


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Leibniz’s himself had painted and published medallion.

Modern Proof Concept

As science philosopher Ian Hacking has shown, Descartes did not know what proof was in a contemporary sense. Leibniz had a much closer thought to modern proof (Hacking, 2002). He considered Descartes’ mathematical accuracy independent of proof. For Descartes, even if an exact thing is not proved, it is by itself true. Therefore, the truth value of something and the proof given to it are not related to each other.

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René Descartes | Source: Wikipedia

Analytical

The statements that are a predicate or identical to the subject or the subject containing the predicate are called analytic. For example, when we say “all people are alive,” for Leibniz, we mean that the concept of being alive is within the idea of being human [Leibniz, G. W. Philosophical Essays, page 11], so this statement is analytic. According to Leibniz, all mathematical truths are analytic.

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Immanuel Kant | Source: Biography.com

Mathematica Divina

So far, we have touched on some of Leibniz’s views on mathematics. One of the issues raised in this paper is that Leibniz’s approach to mathematics cannot be distinguished from his theological and metaphysical or philosophical views. We have mentioned above that Leibniz, for example, does not understand the binary number system as an arithmetical issue. As Breger quoted, for Leibniz, mathematics and theology were like the steps of a ladder ascending to God” [God and Mathematics in Leibniz’s Thought, Mathematics, and the Divine: A Historical Study, pages 493]. To understand Leibniz, the relationships he assumes between mathematics, theology, and metaphysics are all matters that need to be addressed. Such a complex issue cannot be dealt with in detail in this short article; instead, I will merely address a few points to give the reader an idea.
For Leibniz, this is the perfect world! So, as an ideal mathematician, God has calculated all the possible worlds and created the best of them. An example of the best of all possible worlds is that lions are dangerous animals, but without them, this world would be less perfect. Besides, our assessment of the well-being of this world is limited to the events we have known and experienced so far. However, God has chosen this perfect world, taking into account all times and all creations [Leibniz, G. W. Philosophical Essays, page 149–155]. Another example given by Leibniz in this regard is that a person born in prison cannot judge that the whole world is evil by looking around. After all, for Leibniz, individuals see only a particular part, whereas God decides by taking everything into account.

Instead of Results

Leibniz’s dazzling characteristica universalis program has never happened. David Hilbert defended a formal mathematical form of Leibniz’s thought and proposed a program accordingly. Kurt Gödel, who admired Leibniz, proved the Deficiency Theorem and showed that programs such as characteristica universalis are doomed to fail, not only in philosophy but even in mathematics.

Jun 4 · 11 min read